Dictionary definitions from before the Civil War likewise defined “insurrection” as “[a] rising against civil or political authority; the open and active opposition of a number of persons to the execution of law in a city or state.” Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language 613 (1860). In the case of Section 3, the insurrection must specifically be “against” “the Constitution,” meaning that the violent uprising is intended to prevent the execution of the Constitution. But whatever the outer bounds of insurrection” are, any plausible definition grounded in historical understanding would encompass “a concerted and public use of force” by “a group of people to hinder or prevent the U.S. government from taking the actions necessary to accomplish a peaceful transfer of power in this country.” Pet. App. 166a. That was exactly what happened on January 6"