Izz El-Dīn Al-Qassam

Izz El-Din Abd El-Qader ibn Mustafa ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad Al-Qassam is a symbol of resistance and is widely known for his actions and leadership in the early 20th century, particularly in the context of anti-colonial and anti-Zionist struggles, and many aspects of his life are documented in terms of events and impacts.

He studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt, becoming an Islamic revivalist preacher. Al-Qassam supported the Libyan resistance against Italian occupation and led his own group of rebels against French forces in Syria. Later, he immigrated to Palestine, where he grew incensed at the plight of Palestinian Arab peasants. In the 1930s, he formed bands of local fighters, including the Black Hand, launching attacks against British and Jewish targets. His death following a British manhunt was a rallying point leading to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.

Al-Qassam's early life was marked by education and activism. After studying at al-Azhar Mosque, he returned to his hometown, Jableh in Syria, promoting Islamic revival through preaching and teaching. He focused on moral reforms, advocating prayer, fasting and ending gambling and alcohol consumption. His efforts significantly influenced the locals. Al-Qassam's activism extended beyond local concerns; he actively supported the Libyan resistance against Italian occupation by raising funds and volunteers for jihad. His involvement in anti-colonial movements expanded further during World War I and afterwards, as he organized local defense forces against French occupation in Syria, demonstrating his leadership in armed resistance.

In Palestine, Al-Qassam's work continued with a focus on the marginalized, teaching and setting up a night school for labourers while denouncing local unorthodox practices. His efforts were rooted in an Islamic social gospel deeply concerned with the plight of Palestinian peasants. His activism evolved into more direct conflict, as he organized the Black Hand, an anti-Zionist and anti-British militia, leading to his recruitment of hundreds of men for armed resistance. His struggle was characterized by a blend of moral guidance and militant action, emphasizing discipline, character, and spiritual strength among his followers.

Al-Qassam's death in a confrontation with British forces became a symbol of resistance, sparking significant political and social reactions. His funeral attracted a massive gathering and led to widespread strikes, marking him as a martyr in the Arab nationalist and Palestinian narratives.

The final act of defiance by Izz El-Din Al-Qassam had a profound impact on the Palestinian population, as observed by American historian Abdallah Schleifer:

Leila Khaled, a well-known member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, once stated that her organization began "where Al-Qassam left off: his generation started the revolution, my generation intends to finish it."